How to Footnote Cite Something Again

What Are Footnotes? | Guide with Word Instructions

Published on March 28, 2022 by Jack Caulfield.

Footnotes are notes placed at the bottom of the page in a piece of academic writing and indicated in the text with superscript numbers (or sometimes letters or other symbols). You can insert footnotes automatically in Word or Google Docs. They're used to provide:

• Citations in sure styles
• Additional information that would disrupt the flow of the main text

Annotation: Footnotes are a lot like endnotes, which are used in similar ways. The difference is that endnotes announced all together at the end of the text, instead of separately on each page. This gives your text a less chaotic appearance, only it can also exist inconvenient for readers.

How to insert footnotes in Word and Google Docs

If you're writing in Microsoft Word or in Google Docs, it's easy to insert footnotes automatically using the congenital-in functionality of the software.

About way guidelines are flexible enough that these automatically inserted footnotes run across their requirements, so that you don't have to worry about the specifics of formatting.

Inserting footnotes in Word

It's straightforward to insert footnotes in Word. Just follow these steps:

1. Click on the bespeak in the text where you lot desire the footnote number to appear.
2. Select the "References" tab at the top, and so select "Insert Footnote."
3. Blazon whatever text you lot want into the footnote that appears.

Inserting footnotes in Google Docs

You can also hands add together footnotes in Google Docs. Follow the steps below:

1. Click on the point in the text where you want to add a footnote.
2. At the height, click on "Insert" and then on "Footnote" in the drop-downwards menu.
3. Blazon the text y'all desire into the footnote.

Numbering and placement of footnotes

Footnotes should be numbered consecutively in the order they appear throughout your paper. Each note should take a unique number; don't use the same number once again even if you lot cite the same source repeatedly.

Footnote numbers are usually placed at the end of the relevant clause or judgement. The number appears subsequently any punctuation, except when the clause ends with an em dash, in which instance the number appears before it. Don't add a space earlier the number.

Example: Placement of footnote numbers

McGill argues that this method is flawed.¹ Nonetheless, other studies—such equally that of Smith and Coulson²—come to the contrary decision.

Footnotes in Chicago style

Chicago mode uses footnotes for citations (unless you're following Chicago author-appointment). Footnotes can as well exist used to add extra information such as commentary on the source cited, or elaborations on a point you touched on in the main text.

In Chicago footnotes, y'all place a footnote at the end of the clause or sentence that needs a commendation. The footnote contains full information about each source the beginning fourth dimension you lot cite it, and shortened information for subsequent citations of the same source.

Example: Chicago footnotes

       1. Tegan George and Jack Caulfield, "Academic Integrity vs. Academic Dishonesty," March 10, 2022, https://www.scribbr.com/plagiarism/academic-dishonesty/.

 ii. George and Caulfield, "Academic Integrity."

Full data about all your sources is usually included in a bibliography at the end, except in very brusk papers, where footnote citations may exist used alone if your institution allows it.

Chicago recommends using your word processor's built-in footnote function to add footnotes, just a couple of formatting details may need to exist changed manually:

• Add together an indent at the start of each footnote (before the number).
• Write the number at the start of the annotation in normal text (not superscript), followed past a period and then a space.
• Leave one blank line between footnotes, and make sure footnotes are unmarried-spaced.

Footnotes in APA Style

APA footnotes are used only for providing extra information, since APA in-text citations appear in parentheses instead.

Y'all can use them to provide supplemental data such every bit additional examples or clarifications; do this sparingly, every bit APA warns against including nonessential data. Footnotes are as well used to provide copyright attribution when it'southward needed.

Instance: APA footnotes

               ^ane From What Parents Can Await in Beliefs Therapy, by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2017 (https://world wide web.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/infographics/what-parents-look.html). In the public domain.

              ⁱⁱ A second round of testing was initially planned, but this idea was abandoned due to …

APA recommends using your word processing software to automatically insert footnotes, but add an indent at the start of each footnote if this isn't done automatically. The footnote begins with the superscript footnote number followed past a infinite.

Footnotes in MLA fashion

MLA footnotes are used to provide supplemental information such every bit extra examples, clarifications of citation exercise, or elaborations on ideas.

MLA in-text citations appear in parentheses, not in notes, but where a lot of citations are needed at one time, they can exist placed in a footnote to avoid cluttering the text.

Case: MLA footnotes

           ¹ Citations of marginalia refer to George'southward edition and include page numbers. Citations of the poem refer to Davis's edition and include line numbers.

        ² This remains a controversial betoken. Researchers in the field have debated this result since …

            ³ See Crittenden v–11; Kent 17–34; Smith 44–50; and Jones 36.

MLA recommends using your word processor to automatically insert footnotes, styling the number at the start of the citation in superscript, followed by a space. An indent should also be added at the commencement of the footnote (before the number).

What'south the divergence between footnotes and endnotes?

Footnotes announced at the bottom of the page they refer to. This is convenient for the reader but may cause your text to await chaotic if there are a lot of footnotes.

Endnotes appear all together at the end of the whole text. This may exist less convenient for the reader but reduces clutter.

Both footnotes and endnotes are used in the same way: to cite sources or add extra information. You should usually choose 1 or the other to use in your text, non both.

What are footnotes used for?

Footnotes are notes indicated in your text with numbers and placed at the bottom of the folio. They're used to provide:

• Citations (e.g., in Chicago notes and bibliography)
• Additional data that would disrupt the flow of the main text

Be sparing in your employ of footnotes (other than citation footnotes), and consider whether the data yous're calculation is relevant for the reader.

How practice I insert a footnote in Word?

To insert a footnote automatically in a Give-and-take document:

1. Click on the point in the text where the footnote should appear
2. Select the "References" tab at the top and and so click on "Insert Footnote"
3. Blazon the text y'all desire into the footnote that appears at the bottom of the page

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